First of all we assume that we are dealing with a weakly quantum gas, i.e.
. The system is a gran-canonical ensemble. Hence the partition function is:

Which is equivalent to:

Where the first expression holds for fermions, while the second one for bosons. In a gran canonical ensemble, the thermodynamic potential is given by the Landau thermodynamic potential:

Since it can be proved[1] that
, we also have:
. From where one can derive the equation of state for weakly quantum gases:

Where the plus sign is for fermions, while the minus sign is for bosons.
Electrons in a metal can be idealized as fermions (electrons) in a box. Electrons will occupy energy levels according to the Fermi-Dirac distribution. In particular we have to note that:

We do define Fermi energy, the maximum of the energy of the occupied level:
. If we define
as the number of states, per unit volume, with energy in the interval
we have[2]:

The explicit expression of
can be derived, obtaining:

Meaning that the Fermi energy[3] equals to:

Hence we have that
. The chemical potential
depends on the temperature
with the relation:

The specific heat, at constant volume
, is defined as:

We now give three important relations that tell us what happens to the system when it happens a change in some quantity that describes it:
in a canonical ensemble;
in an isobaric ensemble;
in a gran-canonical ensemble.
Quantum superfluids can be idealized as bosons in a box. Bosons in a box occupy energy levels according to the Bose-Einstein distribution. Moreover, if we do assume that all the particles occupy the level at
, i.e. the lowes energy level, we have:

Where we do expect that
, that is
. Here we are assuming that a macroscopic number of particles occupy a certain energy level, more precisely the lowest possible[4]! Actually, this is not a problem since bosons do not have to respect Pauli's exclusion principle. Meaning that the particles density is given by:

Where the contribute of
is foundamental for temperatures
, the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature. We also have that:

The condensation temperature can be derived[5] and its value is:

And the condition
is equivalent to:

Bose-Einstein condensation is a necessary but not sufficient condition to the superfluidity. For such systems we can define the specific heat, at constant pressure
:
. We have that:

- ↑ From
and
, using
- ↑ For a gas, given its density
, its mass number
(expressed in u.a.m) and its atomic number
we can write
.
- ↑ We can also note that:

Meaning that
- ↑ This condition is called Bose-Einstein condition.
- ↑ From
